Journal of Psychosomatic Research
Volume 61, Issue 6 , Pages 841-846 , December 2006

Temperament profiles and somatization—an epidemiological study of young adult people

  • Juha T. Karvonen

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, Out-patient Clinic of Adolescent Psychiatry, Oulu, Finland
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Department of Psychiatry, Out-patient Clinic of Adolescent Psychiatry, 90029 OYS, Oulu, Finland
  • ,
  • Juha Veijola

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
    • Academy of Finland, Helsinki, Finland
  • ,
  • Liisa Kantojärvi

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, Out-patient Clinic of Adolescent Psychiatry, Oulu, Finland
  • ,
  • Jouko Miettunen

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
    • Department of Public Health Science and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
  • ,
  • Jesper Ekelund

      Affiliations

    • Departments of Molecular Medicine and Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
  • ,
  • Dirk Lichtermann

      Affiliations

    • Methadone Maintenance Clinic “Café Ersatz,” Bonn, Germany
  • ,
  • Kristian Läksy

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, Out-patient Clinic of Adolescent Psychiatry, Oulu, Finland
  • ,
  • Matti Joukamaa

      Affiliations

    • Department of Social Psychiatry, Tampere School of Public Health, University of Tampere and Department of Psychiatry, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland

Received 4 January 2006 ,Revised 23 May 2006 ,Accepted 27 June 2006.

References 

  1. Lipowski ZJ. Somatization: the concept and its clinical application. Am J Psychiatry. 1988;145:1358–1368
  2. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994;
  3. World Health Organization . International statistical classification of disease and related health problems. 10th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1992;
  4. Gureje O, Simon GE. The natural history of somatization in primary care. Psychol Med. 1999;29:669–676
  5. Lieb R, Zimmermann P, Friis RH, Hofler M, Tholen S, Wittchen HU. The natural course of DSM-IV somatoform disorders and syndromes among adolescents and young adults: a prospective–longitudinal community study. Eur Psychiatry. 2002;17:321–331
  6. Liu G, Clark MR, Eaton WW. Structural factor analyses for medically unexplained somatic symptoms of somatization disorder in the epidemiologic catchment area study. Psychol Med. 1997;27:617–626
  7. Simon GE, Gureje O. Stability of somatization disorder and somatization symptoms among primary care patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:90–95
  8. Cloninger CR. A unified biosocial theory of personality and its role in the development of anxiety states. Psychiatr Dev. 1986;4:167–226
  9. Cloninger CR, Svrakic DM, Przybeck TR. A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993;50:975–990
  10. Cloninger CR. A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants. A proposal. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;44:573–588
  11. Cloninger CR, Przybeck TR, Svrakic DM, Wetzel RD. The temperament and character inventory (TCI): a guide to its development and use. St Louis: Washington University, Center for Psychobiology of Personality; 1994;
  12. Battaglia M, Bertella S, Bajo S, Politi E, Bellodi L. An investigation of the co-occurrence of panic and somatization disorders through temperamental variables. Psychosom Med. 1998;60:726–729
  13. Russo J, Katon W, Sullivan M, Clark M, Buckwald D. Severity of somatization and its relationship to psychiatric disorders and personality. Psychosomatics. 1994;35:546–556
  14. Guze SB, Cloninger CR, Martin RL, Clayton PJ. A follow-up and family study of Briquets syndrome. Br J Psychiatry. 1986;149:17–23
  15. Rantakallio P. Groups at risk in low birth weight infants and perinatal mortality. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1969;193:1–71
  16. Rantakallio P. The longitudinal study of the northern Finland birth cohort of 1966. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 1988;2:59–88
  17. Karvonen JT, Veijola J, Jokelainen J, Läksy K, Järvelin MR, Joukamaa M. Somatization disorder in young adult population. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2004;26:9–12
  18. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd, revised ed. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1987;
  19. Miettunen J, Kantojarvi L, Ekelund J, Veijola J, Karvonen JT, Peltonen L, et al. A large population cohort provides normative data for investigation of temperament. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2004;110:150–157
  20. Svrakic DM, Whitehead C, Przybeck TR, Cloninger CR. Differential diagnosis of personality disorders by the seven-factor model of temperament and character. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993;50:991–999
  21. Veijola J, Jokelainen J, Läksy K, Kantojärvi L, Kokkonen P, Järvelin MR, et al. The Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 in screening DSM-III-R axis-I disorders. Nord J Psychiatry. 2003;57:119–123
  22. Derogatis LR, Lipman RS, Covi L. SCL-90: an outpatient psychiatric rating scale—preliminary report. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1973;9:13–28
  23. Heath AC, Cloninger CR, Martin NG. Testing a model for the genetic structure of personality: a comparison of the personality systems of Cloninger and Eysenck. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1994;66:762–775
  24. Stallings MC, Hewitt JK, Cloninger CR, Heath AC, Eaves LJ. Genetic and environmental structure of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire: three or four temperament dimensions?. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1996;70:127–140
  25. Ando J, Ono Y, Yoshimura K, Onoda N, Shinohara M, Kanba S, et al. The genetic structure of Cloninger's seven-factor model of temperament and character in a Japanese sample. J Pers. 2002;70:583–609
  26. Ando J, Suzuki A, Yamagata S, Kijima N, Maekawa H, Ono Y, et al. Genetic and environmental structure of Cloninger's temperament and character dimensions. J Pers Disord. 2004;18:379–393
  27. Gillespie NA, Cloninger CR, Heath AC, Martin NG. The genetic and environmental relationship between Cloninger's dimensions of temperament and character. Pers Individ Differ. 2003;35:1931–1946
  28. Herbst JH, Zonderman AB, Mccrae RR, Costa PT. Do the dimensions of the temperament and character inventory map a simple genetic architecture? Evidence from molecular genetics and factor analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:1285–1290
  29. Campo JV, Fritsch SL. Somatization in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1994;33:1223–1235
  30. Craig TKJ, Cox AD, Klein K. Intergenerational transmission of somatization behaviour: a study of chronic somatizers and their children. Psychol Med. 2002;32:805–816
  31. Craig TK, Bialas I, Hodson S, Cox AD. Intergenerational transmission of somatization behaviour: 2. Observations of joint attention and bids for attention. Psychol Med. 2004;34:199–209
  32. Hotopf M, Mayou R, Wadsworth M, Wessely S. Childhood risk factors for adults with medically unexplained symptoms: results from a national birth cohort study. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:1796–1800
  33. Khan AA, Khan A, Harezlak J, Tu WZ, Kroenke K. Somatic symptoms in primary care: etiology and outcome. Psychosomatics. 2003;44:471–478
  34. Reid S, Wessely S, Crayford T, Hotopf M. Frequent attenders with medically unexplained symptoms: service use and costs in secondary care. Br J Psychiatry. 2002;180:248–253
  35. De Gucht V, Fischler B. Somatization: a critical review of conceptual and methodological issues. Psychosomatics. 2002;43:1–9
  36. Kroenke K. Studying symptoms: sampling and measurement issues. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134:844–853
  37. Portegijs PJ, van der Horst FG, Proot IM, Kraan HF, Gunther NC, Knottnerus JA. Somatization in frequent attenders of general practice. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1996;31:29–37
  38. Swartz M, Landerman R, George LK, Blazer DG, Escobar JI. Somatization disorder. In:  Robins LN,  Regier DA editor. Psychiatric disorders in America. New York, NY: The Free Press; 1991;p. 220–257
  39. Social Insurance Institution . Statistical yearbook of the social insurance institution. Helsinki: Social Insurance Institution; 1998;
  40. National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health . Health care visits 1985–2002. Helsinki: National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health; 2004;
  41. Reid S, Crayford T, Richards S, Nimnuan C, Hotopf M. Recognition of medically unexplained symptoms—do doctors agree?. J Psychosom Res. 1999;47:483–485

PII: S0022-3999(06)00304-7

doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.06.014

Journal of Psychosomatic Research
Volume 61, Issue 6 , Pages 841-846 , December 2006