Journal of Psychosomatic Research
Volume 57, Issue 4 , Pages 339-351 , October 2004

Depression in HIV-infected patients: Allopathic, complementary, and alternative treatments

  • L.J. Fulk

      Affiliations

    • Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, 1300 Wheat Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
    • ,
  • B.E. Kane

      Affiliations

    • Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, 1300 Wheat Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
    • ,
  • K.D. Phillips

      Affiliations

    • College of Nursing, University of South Carolina, 1601 Green Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
    • ,
  • C.M. Bopp

      Affiliations

    • Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, 1300 Wheat Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
    • ,
  • G.A. Hand

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, 1300 Wheat Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. Tel.: +1-803-777-1715; fax: +1-803-777-8422
    • Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, 1300 Wheat Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
    • Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA

Received 28 April 2003 ,Accepted 24 February 2004.

References 

  1. Beevor AS, Catalan J. Women's experience of HIV testing: the views of HIV positive and HIV negative women. AIDS Care. 1993;5(2):177–186
  2. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Press; 1994;
  3. Leserman J, Jackson ED, Petitto JM, Golden RN, Silva SG, Perkins DO, et al. Progression to AIDS: the effects of stress, depressive symptoms, and social support. Psychosom Med. 1999;61(3):397–406
  4. Ickovics JR, Hamburger ME, Vlahov D, Schoenbaum EE, Schuman P, Boland RJ, et al. Mortality, CD4 cell count decline, and depressive symptoms among HIV-seropositive women: longitudinal analysis from the HIV Epidemiology Research Study. JAMA. 2001;285(11):1466–1474
  5. Page-Shafer K, Delorenze GN, Satariano WA, Winkelstein W. Comorbidity and survival in HIV-infected men in the San Francisco Men's Health Survey. Ann Epidemiol. 1996;6(5):420–430
  6. Morrison MF, Petitto JM, Ten Have T, Gettes DR, Chiappini MS, Weber AL, et al. Depressive and anxiety disorders in women with HIV infection. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(5):789–796
  7. Hintz S, Kuck J, Peterkin JJ, Volk DM, Zisook S. Depression in the context of human immunodeficiency virus infection: implications for treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 1990;51(12):497–501
  8. Fleishman JA, Fogel B. Coping and depressive symptoms among people with AIDS. Health Psychol. 1994;13(2):156–169
  9. Durham JD. The changing HIV/AIDS epidemic. Emerging psychosocial challenges for nurses. Nurs Clin North Am. 1994;29(1):9–18
  10. Jacobsberg LB, Perry S. Medical management of AIDS patients. Psychiatric disturbances. Med Clin North Am. 1992;76(1):99–106
  11. Atkinson JH, Grant I, Kennedy CJ, Richman DD, Spector SA, McCutchan JA. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among men infected with human immunodeficiency virus. A controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988;45(9):859–864
  12. Lipsitz JD, Williams JB, Rabkin JG, Remien RH, Bradbury M, el Sadr W, et al. Psychopathology in male and female intravenous drug users with and without HIV infection. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151(11):1662–1668
  13. Perkins DO, Stern RA, Golden RN, Murphy C, Naftolowitz D, Evans DL. Mood disorders in HIV infection: prevalence and risk factors in a nonepicenter of the AIDS epidemic. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151(2):233–236
  14. Stern RA, Singer NG, Silva SG, Rogers HJ, Perkins DO, Hall CD, et al. Neurobehavioral functioning in a nonconfounded group of asymptomatic HIV-seropositive homosexual men. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149(8):1099–1102
  15. Williams JB, Rabkin JG. The concurrent validity of items in the Quality-of-Life Index in a cohort of HIV-positive and HIV-negative gay men. Control Clin Trials. 1991;12(Suppl 4):129S–141S
  16. Boland R. Recent developments in STD legislation in Eastern Europe. Med Law. 1999;18(2–3):315–325
  17. Goggin K, Engelson ES, Rabkin JG, Kotler DP. The relationship of mood, endocrine, and sexual disorders in human immunodeficiency virus positive (HIV+) women: an exploratory study. Psychosom Med. 1998;60(1):11–16
  18. McDaniel JS, Fowlie E, Summerville MB, Farber EW, Cohen-Cole SA. An assessment of rates of psychiatric morbidity and functioning in HIV disease. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1995;17(5):346–352
  19. Taylor MB, Parker SP, Crewe-Brown HH, McIntyre J, Cubitt WD. Seroepidemiology of HTLV-I in relation to that of HIV-1 in the Gauteng region, South Africa, using dried blood spots on filter papers. Epidemiol Infect. 1996;117(2):343–348
  20. Moore J, Schuman P, Schoenbaum E, Boland B, Solomon L, Smith D. Severe adverse life events and depressive symptoms among women with, or at risk for, HIV infection in four cities in the United States of America. AIDS. 1999;13(17):2459–2468
  21. Smith DK, Moore JS, Warren D, Solomon L, Schuman P, Stein M, et al. The design, participants, and selected early findings of the HIV epidemiology research study. In:  O'Leary A,  Jemmott LS editor. Women and AIDS: coping and care. New York: Plenum; 1996;p. 185–206
  22. Ostrow DG, Monjan A, Joseph J, VanRaden M, Fox R, Kingsley L, et al. HIV-related symptoms and psychological functioning in a cohort of homosexual men. Am J Psychiatry. 1989;146(6):737–742
  23. Evans DL, Staab J, Ward H, Leserman J, Perkins DO, Golden RN, et al. Depression in the medically ill: management considerations. Depress Anxiety. 1996;4(4):199–208
  24. Kalichman SC, Rompa D, Cage M. Distinguishing between overlapping somatic symptoms of depression and HIV disease in people living with HIV-AIDS. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2000;188(10):662–670
  25. Lyon DE, Younger JB. Purpose in life and depressive symptoms in persons living with HIV disease. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2001;33(2):129–133
  26. McArthur JC, Sacktor N, Selnes O. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia. Semin Neurol. 1999;19(2):129–150
  27. Penzak SR, Reddy YS, Grimsley SR. Depression in patients with HIV infection. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2000;57(4):376–386
  28. Fukunishi I, Matsumoto T, Negishi M, Hayashi M, Hosaka T, Moriya H. Somatic complaints associated with depressive symptoms in HIV-positive patients. Psychother Psychosom. 1997;66(5):248–251
  29. Asch SM, Kilbourne AM, Gifford AL, Burnam MA, Turner B, Shapiro MF, et al. Underdiagnosis of depression in HIV: who are we missing?. J Gen Intern Med. 2003;18(6):450–460
  30. Maj M, Satz P, Janssen R, Zaudig M, Starace F, D'Elia L, et al. WHO Neuropsychiatric AIDS Study, cross-sectional phase II. Neuropsychological and neurological findings. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51(1):51–61
  31. Thase ME. Redefining antidepressant efficacy toward long-term recovery. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60(Suppl 6):15–19
  32. Gordillo V, del Amo J, Soriano V, Gonzalez-Lahoz J. Sociodemographic and psychological variables influencing adherence to antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 1999;13(13):1763–1769
  33. Chuck SK, Raber SR, Rodvold KA, Areff D. National survey of extended-interval aminoglycoside dosing. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30(3):433–439
  34. Elliott AJ, Russo J, Bergam K, Claypoole K, Uldall KK, Roy-Byrne PP. Antidepressant efficacy in HIV-seropositive outpatients with major depressive disorder: an open trial of nefazodone. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60(4):226–231
  35. Hsu A, Granneman GR, Bertz RJ. Ritonavir. Clinical pharmacokinetics and interactions with other anti-HIV agents. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1998;35(4):275–291
  36. Markowitz JC, Kocsis JH, Fishman B, Spielman LA, Jacobsberg LB, Frances AJ, et al. Treatment of depressive symptoms in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55(5):452–457
  37. Ferrando SJ, Goldman JD, Charness WE. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment of depression in symptomatic HIV infection and AIDS Improvements in affective and somatic symptoms. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1997;19(2):89–97
  38. Rabkin JG, Rabkin R, Wagner G. Effects of fluoxetine on mood and immune status in depressed patients with HIV illness. J Clin Psychiatry. 1994;55(3):92–97
  39. Targ EF, Karasic DH, Diefenbach PN, Anderson DA, Bystritsky A, Fawzy FI. Structured group therapy and fluoxetine to treat depression in HIV-positive persons. Psychosomatics. 1994;35(2):132–137
  40. Cheer SM, Goa KL. Fluoxetine: a review of its therapeutic potential in the treatment of depression associated with physical illness. Drugs. 2001;61(1):81–110
  41. Sanchez C, Bergqvist PB, Brennum LT, Gupta S, Hogg S, Larsen A, et al. Escitalopram, the S-(+)-enantiomer of citalopram, is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor with potent effects in animal models predictive of antidepressant and anxiolytic activities. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2003;167(4):353–362
  42. Lepola UM, Loft H, Reines EH. Escitalopram (10–20 mg/day) is effective and well tolerated in a placebo-controlled study in depression in primary care. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003;18(4):211–217
  43. Wade A, Michael LO, Bang HK. Escitalopram 10 mg/day is effective and well tolerated in a placebo-controlled study in depression in primary care. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;17(3):95–102
  44. Gutierrez MM, Rosenberg J, Abramowitz W. An evaluation of the potential for pharmacokinetic interaction between escitalopram and the cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor ritonavir. Clin Ther. 2003;25(4):1200–1210
  45. von Moltke LL, Greenblatt DJ, Giancarlo GM, Granda BW, Harmatz JS, Shader RI. Escitalopram (S-citalopram) and its metabolites in vitro: cytochromes mediating biotransformation, inhibitory effects, and comparison to R-citalopram. Drug Metab Dispos. 2001;29(8):1102–1109
  46. Montgomery SA, Schatzberg AF. Introduction. Reboxetine: a new selective antidepressant for the treatment of depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59(Suppl 14):3
  47. Berzewski H, Van Moffaert M, Gagiano CA. Efficacy and tolerability of reboxetine compared with imipramine in a double-blind study in patients suffering from major depressive offsodes. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1997;7(Suppl 1):S37–S47
  48. Mucci M. Reboxetine: a review of antidepressant tolerability. J Psychopharmacol. 1997;11(Suppl 4):S33–S37
  49. Carvalhal AS, de Abreu PB, Spode A, Correa J, Kapczinski F. An open trial of reboxetine in HIV-seropositive outpatients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(4):421–424
  50. Klesmer J, Badescu R. Pharmacologic treatment of mood disorders in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2002;4(3):222–227
  51. Elliott AJ, Roy-Byrne PP. Mirtazapine for depression in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000;20(2):265–267
  52. Hammer SM, Katzenstein DA, Hughes MD, Gundacker H, Schooley RT, Haubrich RH, et al. A trial comparing nucleoside monotherapy with combination therapy in HIV-infected adults with CD4 cell counts from 200 to 500 per cubic millimeter. AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study 175 Study Team. N Engl J Med. 1996;335(15):1081–1090
  53. Ho DD. Viral counts count in HIV infection. Science. 1996;272(5265):1124–1125
  54. Palella FJ, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, Loveless MO, Fuhrer J, Satten GA, et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(13):853–860
  55. Judd FK, Cockram AM, Komiti A, Mijch AM, Hoy J, Bell R. Depressive symptoms reduced in individuals with HIV/AIDS treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy: a longitudinal study. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2000;34(6):1015–1021
  56. Brechtl JR, Breitbart W, Galietta M, Krivo S, Rosenfeld B. The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in patients with advanced HIV infection: impact on medical, palliative care, and quality of life outcomes. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2001;21(1):41–51
  57. Cohen C, Revicki DA, Nabulsi A, Sarocco PW, Jiang P. A randomized trial of the effect of ritonavir in maintaining quality of life in advanced HIV disease. Advanced HIV disease ritonavir study group. AIDS. 1998;12(12):1495–1502
  58. Wachtel T, Piette J, Mor V, Stein M, Fleishman J, Carpenter C. Quality of life in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection: measurement by the Medical Outcomes Study instrument. Ann Intern Med. 1992;116(2):129–137
  59. Chang L, Ernst T, Leonido-Yee M, Witt M, Speck O, Walot I, et al. Highly active antiretroviral therapy reverses brain metabolite abnormalities in mild HIV dementia. Neurology. 1999;53(4):782–789
  60. Wagner GJ, Rabkin JG, Rabkin R. A comparative analysis of standard and alternative antidepressants in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus patients. Compr Psychiatry. 1996;37(6):402–408
  61. Holmes VF, Fernandez F, Levy JK. Psychostimulant response in AIDS-related complex patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 1989;50(1):5–8
  62. Morris N. Depression and HIV+ disease: a critical review. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc. 1996;2(5):154–163
  63. Ferrando SJ, Wapenyi K. Psychopharmacological treatment of patients with HIV and AIDS. Psychiatr Q. 2002;73(1):33–49
  64. Fairfield WP, Treat M, Rosenthal DI, Frontera W, Stanley T, Corcoran C, et al. Effects of testosterone and exercise on muscle leanness in eugonadal men with AIDS wasting. J Appl Physiol. 2001;90(6):2166–2171
  65. Rabkin JG, Wagner GJ, Rabkin R. Testosterone therapy for human immunodeficiency virus-positive men with and without hypogonadism. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999;19(1):19–27
  66. Sullivan PF, Carra J, Musgrave J, Rabinowitz J, Cornes C, Johnson D. Pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy for major depression in a man with AIDS. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149(1):138
  67. Lutgendorf SK, Antoni MH, Ironson G, Starr K, Costello N, Zuckerman M, et al. Changes in cognitive coping skills and social support during cognitive behavioral stress management intervention and distress outcomes in symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive gay men. Psychosom Med. 1998;60(2):204–214
  68. Kelly JA, Murphy DA, Bahr GR, Kalichman SC, Morgan MG, Stevenson LY, et al. Outcome of cognitive–behavioral and support group brief therapies for depressed, HIV-infected persons. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150(11):1679–1686
  69. Markowitz JC, Klerman GL, Clougherty KF, Spielman LA, Jacobsberg LB, Fishman B, et al. Individual psychotherapies for depressed HIV-positive patients. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152(10):1504–1509
  70. Markowitz JC, Klerman GL, Perry SW. Interpersonal psychotherapy of depressed HIV-positive outpatients. Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1992;43(9):885–890
  71. Beck AT, Rush AJ, Shaw BF, Emery G. Cognitive theory of depression. New York: Guilford Press; 1987;
  72. Antoni MH, Baggett L, Ironson G, LaPerriere A, August S, Klimas N, et al. Cognitive–behavioral stress management intervention buffers distress responses and immunologic changes following notification of HIV-1 seropositivity. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1991;59(6):906–915
  73. Lee MR, Cohen L, Hadley SW, Goodwin FK. Cognitive–behavioral group therapy with medication for depressed gay men with AIDS or symptomatic HIV infection. Psychiatr Serv. 1999;50(7):948–952
  74. Chung JY, Magraw MM. A group approach to psychosocial issues faced by HIV-positive women. Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1992;43(9):891–894
  75. Mulder CL, Antoni MH, Emmelkamp PM, Veugelers PJ, Sandfort TG, van de Vijver FA, et al. Psychosocial group intervention and the rate of decline of immunological parameters in asymptomatic HIV-infected homosexual men. Psychother Psychosom. 1995;63(3–4):185–192
  76. Blanch J, Rousaud A, Hautzinger M, Martinez E, Peri JM, Andres S, et al. Assessment of the efficacy of a cognitive–behavioural group psychotherapy programme for HIV-infected patients referred to a consultation-liaison psychiatry department. Psychother Psychosom. 2002;71(2):77–84
  77. Weiss JL, Mulder CL, Antoni MH, de Vroome EM, Garssen B, Goodkin K. Effects of a supportive–expressive group intervention on long-term psychosocial adjustment in HIV-infected gay men. Psychother Psychosom. 2003;72(3):132–140
  78. Gala C, Pergami A, Catalan J, Durbano F, Musicco M, Riccio M, et al. The psychosocial impact of HIV infection in gay men, drug users and heterosexuals. Controlled investigation. Br J Psychiatry. 1993;163:651–659
  79. Grassi L, Mondardini D, Pavanati M, Sighinolfi L, Serra A, Ghinelli F. Suicide probability and psychological morbidity secondary to HIV infection: a control study of HIV-seropositive, hepatitis C virus (HCV)-seropositive and HIV/HCV-seronegative injecting drug users. J Affect Disord. 2001;64(2–3):195–202
  80. Stein MD, Solomon DA, Herman DS, Anderson BJ, Miller I. Depression severity and drug injection HIV risk behaviors. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(9):1659–1662
  81. Tucker JS, Burnam MA, Sherbourne CD, Kung FY, Gifford AL. Substance use and mental health correlates of nonadherence to antiretroviral medications in a sample of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Med. 2003;114(7):573–580
  82. Albright TL, Parchman M, Burge SK. Predictors of self-care behavior in adults with type 2 diabetes: an RRNeST study. Fam Med. 2001;33(5):354–360
  83. Albright A, Franz M, Hornsby G, Kriska A, Marrero D, Ullrich I, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and type 2 diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(7):1345–1360
  84. Durstine JL, Haskell WL. Effects of exercise training on plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1994;22:477–521
  85. Winningham ML, MacVicar MG, Bondoc M, Anderson JI, Minton JP. Effect of aerobic exercise on body weight and composition in patients with breast cancer on adjuvant chemotherapy. Oncol Nurs Forum. 1989;16(5):683–689
  86. LaPerriere A, Fletcher MA, Antoni MH, Klimas NG, Ironson G, Schneiderman N. Aerobic exercise training in an AIDS risk group. Int J Sports Med. 1991;12(Suppl 1):S53–S57
  87. Roubenoff R, McDermott A, Weiss L, Suri J, Wood M, Bloch R, et al. Short-term progressive resistance training increases strength and lean body mass in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus. AIDS. 1999;13(2):231–239
  88. O'Neal HA, Dunn AL, Martinsen EW. Depression and exercise. Int J Sport Psychol. 2000;31:110–135
  89. MacArthur RD, Levine SD, Birk TJ. Supervised exercise training improves cardiopulmonary fitness in HIV-infected persons. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25(6):684–688
  90. Terry L, Sprinz E, Ribeiro JP. Moderate and high intensity exercise training in HIV-1 seropositive individuals: a randomized trial. Int J Sports Med. 1999;20(2):142–146
  91. LaPerriere A, Klimas N, Fletcher MA, Perry A, Ironson G, Perna F, et al. Change in CD4+ cell enumeration following aerobic exercise training in HIV-1 disease: possible mechanisms and practical applications. Int J Sports Med. 1997;18(Suppl 1):S56–S61
  92. Stringer WW, Berezovskaya M, O'Brien WA, Beck CK, Casaburi R. The effect of exercise training on aerobic fitness, immune indices, and quality of life in HIV+ patients. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30(1):11–16
  93. Birk TJ, McGrady A, MacArthur RD, Khuder S. The effects of massage therapy alone and in combination with other complementary therapies on immune system measures and quality of life in human immunodeficiency virus. J Altern Complement Med. 2000;6(5):405–414
  94. Zhu YP, Woerdenbag HJ. Traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Pharm World Sci. 1995;17(4):103–112
  95. Institute for Alternative Futures . Alexandria (VA): NCMIC Insurance Company; 1998;
  96. Allen JJ, Schnyer RN, Hitt SK. The efficacy of acupuncture in the treatment of major depression in women. Psychol Sci. 1998;9:397–401
  97. Roschke J, Wolf C, Muller MJ, Wagner P, Mann K, Grozinger M, et al. The benefit from whole body acupuncture in major depression. J Affect Disord. 2000;57(1–3):73–81
  98. Luo HC, Jia YK, Li Z. Electro-acupuncture vs. amitriptyline in the treatment of depressive states. J Tradit Chin Med. 1985;5(1):3–8
  99. Greene KB, Berger J, Reeves C, Moffat A, Standish LJ, Calabrese C. Most frequently used alternative and complementary therapies and activities by participants in the AMCOA study. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 1999;10(3):60–73
  100. Alternative medicine: expanding medical horizons, a report to the national institutes of health on alternative medical systems in the United States. Washington (DC): Government Printing Office; 1995;
  101. Field T. Massage therapy. Med Clin North Am. 2002;86(1):163–171
  102. Goats GC. Massage—the scientific basis of an ancient art: part 1. The techniques. Br J Sports Med. 1994;28(3):149–152
  103. Goats GC. Massage—the scientific basis of an ancient art: part 2. Physiological and therapeutic effects. Br J Sports Med. 1994;28(3):153–156
  104. Vujnovich AL, Dawson NJ. The effect of therapeutic muscle stretch on neural processing. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1994;20(3):145–153
  105. Diego MA, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Shaw K, Friedman L, Ironson G. HIV adolescents show improved immune function following massage therapy. Int J Neurosci. 2001;106(1–2):35–45
  106. Rabkin JG, Rabkin R, Harrison W, Wagner G. Effect of imipramine on mood and enumerative measures of immune status in depressed patients with HIV illness. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151(4):516–523
  107. MacGillivray S, Arroll B, Hatcher S, Ogston S, Reid I, Sullivan F, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors compared with tricyclic antidepressants in depression treated in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2003;326(7397):1014
  108. Rabkin JG, Wagner GJ, Rabkin R. Fluoxetine treatment for depression in patients with HIV and AIDS: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(1):101–107
  109. Grassi B, Gambini O, Garghentini G, Lazzarin A, Scarone S. Efficacy of paroxetine for the treatment of depression in the context of HIV infection. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1997;30(2):70–71
  110. Vaswani M, Linda FK, Ramesh S. Role of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in psychiatric disorders: a comprehensive review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2003;27(1):85–102
  111. Waugh J, Goa KL. Escitalopram: a review of its use in the management of major depressive and anxiety disorders. CNS Drugs. 2003;17(5):343–362
  112. Delgado PL, Michaels T. Reboxetine: a review of efficacy and tolerability. Drugs Today (Barc). 1999;35(9):725–737
  113. Khouzam HR. The antidepressant nefazodone. A review of its pharmacology, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, dosage, and administration. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2000;38(8):20–25
  114. Masand PS, Gupta S. Long-term side effects of newer-generation antidepressants: SSRIS, venlafaxine, nefazodone, bupropion, and mirtazapine. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2002;14(3):175–182
  115. Augustin BG, Cold JA, Jann MW. Venlafaxine and nefazodone, two pharmacologically distinct antidepressants. Pharmacotherapy. 1997;17(3):511–530
  116. Levin GM, Nelson LA, DeVane CL, Preston SL, Eisele G, Carson SW. A pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction study of venlafaxine and indinavir. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2001;35(2):62–71
  117. Anttila SA, Leinonen EV. A review of the pharmacological and clinical profile of mirtazapine. CNS Drug Rev. 2001;7(3):249–264
  118. Currier MB, Molina G, Kato M. A prospective trial of sustained-release bupropion for depression in HIV-seropositive and AIDS patients. Psychosomatics. 2003;44(2):120–125
  119. Wagner GJ, Rabkin JG, Rabkin R. Dextroamphetamine as a treatment for depression and low energy in AIDS patients: a pilot study. J Psychosom Res. 1997;42(4):407–411
  120. Wagner GJ, Rabkin R. Effects of dextroamphetamine on depression and fatigue in men with HIV: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61(6):436–440
  121. Rabkin JG, Wagner GJ, Rabkin R. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of testosterone therapy for HIV-positive men with hypogonadal symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57(2):141–147
  122. Rolf C, Nieschlag E. Potential adverse effects of long-term testosterone therapy. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;12(3):521–534
  123. Clay PG, Lam AI. Testosterone replacement therapy for bone loss prevention in HIV-infected males. Ann Pharmacother. 2003;37(4):582–585

PII: S0022-3999(04)00070-4

doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2004.02.019

Journal of Psychosomatic Research
Volume 57, Issue 4 , Pages 339-351 , October 2004

Article Tools