Journal of Psychosomatic Research
Volume 57, Issue 4 , Pages 329-335 , October 2004

Adjustment to trauma exposure: Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in mountain guides

Received 14 May 2003 ,Accepted 5 January 2004.

References 

  1. Ehlert U, Wagner D, Heinrichs M, Heim C. Psychobiological aspects of posttraumatic stress disorder. Nervenarzt. 1999;70:773–779
  2. Newport DJ, Nemeroff CB. Neurobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2000;10:211–218
  3. Seedat S, Stein MB. Post-traumatic stress disorder: a review of recent findings. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2001;3:288–294
  4. Brewin CR, Andrews B, Valentine JD. Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68:748–766
  5. Figley CR. Compassion fatigue as secondary traumatic stress disorder: an overview. In:  Figley CR editors. Compassion fatigue. New York: Brunner/Mazel; 1995;p. 1–20
  6. Carlier IV, Lamberts RD, Fouwels AJ, Gersons BP. PTSD in relation to dissociation in traumatized police officers. Am J Psychiatry. 1996;153:1325–1328
  7. McFarlane AC. The aetiology of posttraumatic morbidity: predisposing, precipitating and perpetuating factors. Br J Psychiatry. 1989;154:221–228
  8. Ersland S, Weisaeth L, Sund A. The stress upon rescuers involved in an oil-rig disaster: “Alexander L Kielland” 1980. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1989;355:38–49
  9. Corneil W, Beaton R, Murphy S, Johnson C, Pike K. Exposure to traumatic incidents and prevalence of posttraumatic stress symptomatology in urban firefighters in two countries. Occup Health Psychol. 1999;4:131–141
  10. Wagner D, Heinrichs M, Ehlert U. Prevalence of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in German professional firefighters. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:1727–1732
  11. Brewin CR, Andrews B, Rose S. Fear, helplessness, and horror in posttraumatic stress disorder: investigating DSM-IV criterion A2 in victims of violent crime. J Trauma Stress. 2000;13:499–509
  12. Frommberger U, Stieglitz RD, Straub S, Nyberg E, Schlickewei W, Kuner E, et al. The concept of “sense of coherence” and the development of posttraumatic stress disorder in traffic accident victims. J Psychosom Res. 1999;46:343–348
  13. Schnyder U, Moergeli H, Nigg C, Klaghofer R, Renner N, Trentz O, et al. Early psychological reactions to life-threatening injuries. Crit Care Med. 2000;28:86–92
  14. Schnyder U, Moergeli H, Klaghofer R, Buddeberg C. Incidence and prediction of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in severely injured accident victims. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:594–599
  15. Jonsson A, Segesten K, Mattsson B. Post-traumatic stress among Swedish ambulance personnel. Emerg Med J. 2003;20:79–84
  16. Antonovsky A. Unraveling the mystery of health: how people manage stress and stay well. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 1987;
  17. Foa EB, Cashman L, Jaycox L, Perry K. The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Psychol Assess. 1997;9:445–451
  18. Goldberg DP, Hillier VF. A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire. Psychol Med. 1979;9:139–145
  19. Antonovsky A. The structure and properties of the sense of coherence scale. Soc Sci Med. 1993;36:725–733
  20. Blanchard EB, Hickling EJ, Buckley TC, Taylor AE, Vollmer A, Loos WR. Psychophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder related to motor vehicle accidents: replication and extension. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1996;64:742–751
  21. Raphael B, Lundin T, Weisaeth L. A research method for the study of psychological and psychiatric aspects of disaster. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1989;353:1–75
  22. Lumley T, Diehr P, Emerson S, Chen L. The importance of normality assumption in large public health data sets. Annu Rev Public Health. 2002;23:151–169
  23. Sack M, Lamprecht F. Kohärenzgefühl und Salutogenese: Aaron Antonovskys Konzept gesundheitsprotektiver Ressourcen. In:  Schueffel W,  Brucks U,  Johnen R,  Koellner V,  Lamprecht F,  Schnyder U editor. Handbuch der Salutogenese. Konzept und Praxis. Wiesbaden: Ullstein Medical; 1998;p. 325–356
  24. Clohessy S, Ehlers A. PTSD symptoms, response to intrusive memories and coping in ambulance workers. Br J Clin Psychol. 1999;38:251–265
  25. Peck DF, Robertson A, Zeffert S. Psychological sequelae of mountain accidents: a preliminary study. J Psychosom Res. 1996;41:55–63
  26. Horowitz M, Wilner N, Alvarez W. Impact of event scale. Psychosom Med. 1979;41:209–218
  27. Brugger H, Flora G, Falk M. Self-rescue techniques and post-traumatic stress disorders in avalanche accidents. Der Notarzt. 2002;18:1–4
  28. Breslau N, Kessler RC. The stressor criterion in DSM-IV posttraumatic stress disorder: an empirical investigation. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;50:699–704
  29. Brunet A, Weiss DS, Metzler TJ, Best SR, Neylan TC, Rogers C, et al. The Peritraumatic Distress Inventory: a proposed measure of PTSD criterion A2. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:1480–1485
  30. Ballenger JC, Davidson JR, Lecrubier Y, Nutt DJ, Foa EB, Kessler RC, et al. Consensus statement on posttraumatic stress disorder from the International Consensus Group on Depression and Anxiety. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61(Suppl 5):60–66
  31. Gershon RR, Lin S, Li X. Work stress in aging police officers. J Occup Environ Med. 2002;44:160–167
  32. Hodgins GA, Creamer M, Bell R. Risk factors for posttrauma reactions in police officers: a longitudinal study. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2001;189:541–547
  33. Renck B, Weisaeth L, Solbjörg S. Stress reactions in police officers after a disaster rescue operation. Nord J Psychiatry. 2002;56:7–14
  34. Alexander DA, Klein S. Ambulance personnel and critical incidents—impact of accident and emergency work on mental health and emotional well-being. Br J Psychiatry. 2001;178:76–81
  35. Aardal-Eriksson E, Eriksson TE, Holm AC, Lundin T. Salivary cortisol and serum prolactin in relation to stress rating scales in a group of rescue workers. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;46:850–855
  36. Geyer S. Some conceptual considerations on the sense of coherence. Soc Sci Med. 1997;12:1771–1779
  37. Schmidt-Rathjens C, Benz D, Van-Damme D, Feldt K, Amelang M. Conflicting results with questionnaires on Antonovsky's sense of coherence. Diagnostica. 1997;43:327–346
  38. Amelang M, Schmidt-Rathjens C. Sense of coherence as a predictor and suppressor variable in discriminating health and disease. Z Gesundh Psychol. 2000;8:85–93

PII: S0022-3999(04)00049-2

doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2004.01.010

Journal of Psychosomatic Research
Volume 57, Issue 4 , Pages 329-335 , October 2004