Journal of Psychosomatic Research
Volume 57, Issue 2 , Pages 171-176 , August 2004

Depression and lipoprotein lipids in healthy, postmenopausal women: The moderating effects of hormone replacement therapy

  • Raymonde A. Brown

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +1-814-863-2235; fax: +1-814-865-3779
    • School of Nursing, The Pennsylvania State University, 209 HHD-E, University Park, PA 16802 USA
  • ,
  • Paul P. Giggey

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD, USA
  • ,
  • Karen E. Dennis

      Affiliations

    • School of Nursing, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
  • ,
  • Shari R. Waldstein

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD, USA
    • Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinic Center (GRECC), Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA

Received 28 April 2003 ,Accepted 25 November 2003.

References 

  1. Harris T, Feldman JJ, Kleinman JD, Ettingger WH, Makuc DM, Schatzkin AG. The low cholesterol-mortality association in a national cohort. J Clin Epidemiol. 1992;6:595–601
  2. Neaton JD, Blackburn H, Jacobs D, Kuller L, Lee DJ, Sherwin R, et al. Serum cholesterol level and mortality findings for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:1490–1500
  3. Schuit AJ, Dekker JM, Schouten EG, Kok FJ. Low serum cholesterol and death due to accidents, violence or suicide. Lancet. 1993;341:827
  4. Muldoon MF, Manuck SM, Matthews KM. Lowering cholesterol concentrations and mortality: a quantitative review of primary prevention trials. Br Med J. 1990;301:309–314
  5. Hawton K, Cowen P, Owens D, Bond A, Elliott M. Low serum cholesterol and suicide. Br J Psychiatry. 1993;162:818–825
  6. Kaplan JR, Manuck SB, Shumaker S. Does cholesterol lowering cause increase in depression suicide and accidents?. In:  Friedman HS editors. Hostility, coping and health. Washington (DC): American Psychological Association; 1992;p. 117–123
  7. Muldoon MF, Manuck SB, Mendelsohn AB, Kaplan JR, Belle SH. Cholesterol reduction and non-illness mortality: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Br Med J. 2001;322:11–15
  8. Morgan RE, Palinkas LA, Barrett-Connor EL, Wingard DL. Plasma cholesterol and depressive symptoms in older men. Lancet. 1993;341:75–79
  9. Brown SL, Salive ME, Harris TB, Simonsick EM, Guralnick JM, Kohout FJ. Low cholesterol concentrations and severe depressive symptoms in elderly people. Br Med J. 1994;308:1328–1332
  10. Horsten M, Wamala S, Vingerhoets A, Orth-Gomer K. Depressive symptoms, social support, and lipid profile in healthy middle-aged women. Psychosom Med. 1997;59:521–528
  11. Suarez EC. Relations of trait depression and anxiety to low lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in healthy young adult women. Psychosom Med. 1999;61:273–279
  12. Steegmans PH, Hoes AW, Bak AAA, Van Der Does E, Grobbee DE. Higher prevalence of depressive symptoms in middle-aged men with low serum cholesterol levels. Psychosom Med. 2000;62:205–211
  13. Vikkunen M, Pentinnen H. Serum cholesterol in aggressive conduct disorder: a preliminary study. Biol Psychiatry. 1984;19:435–439
  14. Murphy JM, Munson RR, Olivier DC, Sobol AM, Pratt LA, Leighton AH. Mortality risk and psychiatric disorders: results of a general physician survey. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1989;24:134–142
  15. Engelberg H. Low serum cholesterol and suicide. Lancet. 1992;339:727–729
  16. Salter M. Lower serum cholesterol and suicide (Letter). Lancet. 1992;339:1169
  17. Steegmans PHA, Bak AAA, va der Does E, Grobbee DE, Hoes AW. Low serum cholesterol, violent death and serotonin metabolism: a review. Cardiovasc Risk Factors. 1995;5:267–280
  18. Lindberg G, Larsson G, Setterlind S, Rastam L. Serum lipids and mood in working men and women in Sweden. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1994;48:360–363
  19. Dealberto MJ, Ducimetiere P, Mainard F, Alperovitch A. Serum lipids and depression. Lancet. 1993;341:435
  20. Markovitz JH, Smith D, Raczynski JM, Oberman A, Williams OD, Knox S, et al. Lack of relations of hostility, negative affect and high-risk behavior with low plasma lipid levels in coronary artery risk development in young adults study. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:1953–1959
  21. Rosenbaum JF, Fava M. Approach to the patient with depression. In:  Stern TA,  Herman JB,  Slavin PL editor. MGH guide to psychiatry in primary care. New York: McGraw Hill; 1998;p. 2
  22. Avis NE, McKinlay SM. The Massachusetts women's health study: an epidemiological investigation of the menopause. J Am Med Women's Assoc. 1995;50:45–49
  23. Archer J. Relationship between estrogen, serotonin, and depression. Menopause J Am Menopause Soc. 1999;6:71–78
  24. Meltzer H. Seratonergic dysfunction in depression. Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 1989;25–31
  25. Zweifel JE, O'Brien WH. A meta analysis of the effect of hormone replacement therapy upon depressed mood. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1997;22:189–212
  26. Iatrakis G, Haronis N, Sakellaropoulos G, Kourkoubas A, Gallos M. Psychother Psychosom. 1986;46:116–121
  27. Ditkoff E, Crary W, Critsto M, Lobo R. Estrogen improves psychological function in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol. 1991;78:991–995
  28. Palinkas LA, Barrett-Connor E. Estrogen use and depressive symptoms in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol. 1992;80:30–36
  29. Carranza-Lira S, Valentino-Figueroa ML. Estrogen therapy for depression in postmenopausal women. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 1999;65:35–38
  30. Whooley M, Grady D, Cauley J. Postmenopausal estrogen therapy and depressive symptoms in older women. J Gen Intern Med. 2000;15:535–541
  31. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial . Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimes on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. JAMA. 1995;273:199–208
  32. Grady D, Gebretsadik T, Kerlikowske K, Ernster V, Pettiti D. Hormone replacement therapy and endometrial cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 1995;85:304–313
  33. Bukulmex O, Atakan A, Gurdal H, Yarali H, Ulug B, Gurgan T. Short-term effects of three continuous hormone replacement therapy regimens on platelet tritiated imipramine binding and mood scores: a prospective randomized trial. Fertil Steril. 2001;75:737–743
  34. Hays J, Ockene J, Brunner R, Kotchen J, Manson J, Patterson R, et al. Effects of estrogen plus progestin on health-related quality of life. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1839–1854
  35. Guetta V, Cannon R. Cardiovascular effects of estrogen and lipid-lowering therapies in postmenopausal women. Circulation. 1996;93:1928–1937
  36. Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;1:385–401
  37. Simpson EJ, DeMers LM, Kreig AF. Faster enzymatic determination of total serum cholesterol. Clin Chem. 1975;21:1983–1985
  38. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972;18:499–502

PII: S0022-3999(03)00608-1

doi: 10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00608-1

Journal of Psychosomatic Research
Volume 57, Issue 2 , Pages 171-176 , August 2004